Torrentz will always love you. Farewell. 20032016 Torrentz. Armorica. The Roman name for the peninsula of land that protrudes from modern France into the Atlantic Ocean was Armorica. Now far better known as Brittany. Militarism, the domination of the military man over the civilian, fuelled a European arms race and pushed its nations to the brink of war. A History Of Modern Britain Torrent' title='A History Of Modern Britain Torrent' />Militarism as a cause of World War IA British poster depicting the mad brute of German militarism. Militarism is a philosophy or system that places great importance on military power. Alfred Vagts, a German historian who served in World War I, defined militarism as the domination of the military man over the civilian, an undue preponderance of military demands, an emphasis on military considerations. Militarism was a significant force in several European nations in the years prior to World War I. Their governments were strongly influenced, if not dominated, by military leaders, their interests and priorities. English translation of The Ruin of Britain. PREFACE. Motives for writing stated. WHATEVER my attempt shall be in this epistle, made more in tears than in. Britain Albion The earliest traces of human habitation in the British Isles dates to about 700,000 years ago. These people were Homo Heidelbergensis. Pendragon The Fall of Roman Britain. Product Rating 3. Ratings 1 Only registered customers can rate Only registered customers can rate. Amazing footage of East Creek near Chalk Drive Chalk Lane rising and washing away lots of cars during Flash Flood in Toowoomba on Monday 10 January 2011. A History Of Modern Britain Torrent' title='A History Of Modern Britain Torrent' />Introductory Note Geography and Early History The Jewish Kingdoms From Roman to Ottoman Rule The British Mandate Modern History. Separately Recent History of the. Generals and admirals sometimes acted as de facto government ministers, advising political leaders, influencing domestic policy and demanding increases in defence and arms spending. This militarism fathered a dangerous child, the arms race, which gave rise to new military technologies and increased defence spending. A History Of Modern Britain Torrent' title='A History Of Modern Britain Torrent' />Militarism affected more than policy it also shaped culture, the media and public opinion. The press held up military leaders as heroes, painted rival nations as aggressive and regularly engaged in war talk. Militarism alone did not start World War I that first required a flashpoint and a political crisis but it created an environment where war, rather than negotiation or diplomacy, was considered the best way of resolving international disputes. Militarism, nationalism and imperialism were all intrinsically connected. In the 1. A powerful state needed a powerful military to protect its interests and support its policies. Strong armies and navies were needed to defend the homeland to protect imperial and trade interests abroad and to deter threats and rivals. War was avoided where possible but it could also be used to advance a nations political or economic interests as the famous Prussian theorist Carl von Clausewitz wrote in 1. In the 1. 9th century European mind, politics and military power became inseparable, in much the same way that politics and economic management have become inseparable in the modern world. Governments and leaders who failed to maintain armies and navies capable of enforcing the national will were considered weak or incompetent. The belief in war as a test of national power and a proof of national superiority added a scientific base to the cult of patriotism In Britain, a real effort was made to teach boys that success in war depended upon the patriotism and military spirit of the nation, and that preparation for war would strengthen manly virtue and patriotic ardour. Zara Steiner, historian. The north German kingdom of Prussia is considered the wellspring of European militarism. Germanys government and armed forces were both based on the Prussian model and many German politicians and generals were Junkers land owning Prussian nobles. Prior to the unification of Germany in 1. Prussia was the most powerful of the German states. The Prussian army was reformed and modernised in the 1. Field Marshal von Moltke the Elder. Under von Moltkes leadership Prussias army implemented new strategies, improved training for its officers, introduced advanced weaponry and adopted more efficient means of command and communication. Prussias crushing military defeat of France in 1. Europe. This victory also secured German unification, allowing Prussian militarism and German nationalism to become closely intertwined. Prussian commanders, personnel and methodology became the nucleus of the new German imperial army. The German kaiser was its supreme commander he relied on a military council and chief of general staff, made up of Junker aristocrats and career officers. When it came to military matters, the Reichstag Germanys elected civilian parliament had no more than an advisory role. Socialists like the German Karl Liebknecht opposed militarism as a regressive idea. Elsewhere in Europe militarism took on a different flavour, yet it was an important political and cultural force. British militarism, though more subdued than its German counterpart, was considered essential for maintaining the nations imperial and trade interests. The Royal Navy, by far the worlds largest naval force, protected shipping, trade routes and colonial ports. British land forces kept order and imposed imperial policies in India, Africa, Asia and the Pacific. British attitudes to the military underwent a stark transformation. During the 1. 8th century Britons had considered armies and navies a necessary evil, their ranks filled with the dregs of the lower classes, most of their officers failed aristocrats and neer do wells. But in 1. 9th century Britain soldiering was increasingly depicted as a noble vocation, a selfless act of service to ones country. As in Germany, British soldiers were glorified and romanticised, both in the press and popular culture. Whether serving in Crimea or the distant colonies, British officers were hailed as gentlemen and sterling leaders, while enlisted men were well drilled, resolute and ready to make the ultimate sacrifice for King and Country. The concept of soldiers as heroes was epitomised by Tennysons 1. The Charge of the Light Brigade and reflected in cheap derring do novels about wars, both real and imagined. The arms race. Military victories, whether in colonial wars or major conflicts like the Crimean War 1. Franco Prussian War 1. In contrast, a military defeat such as Russias defeat by Japan in 1. Britain in the Boer War, 1. Virtually every major European nation engaged in some form of military renewal in the late 1. In Germany, military expansion and modernisation was heartily endorsed by the newly crowned kaiser, Wilhelm II, who wanted to retain his countrys place in the sun. In Britain the arms race was driven not by the monarchy but by public interest and the press. In 1. 88. 4 the prominent newspaperman W. T. Stead published a series of articles suggesting that Britain was unprepared for war, particularly in its naval defences. Pressure groups like the British Navy League formed 1. By the early 1. 90. Navy League and the press were calling on the government to commission more Dreadnoughts battleships, one popular slogan being We want eight and we wont waitAs a consequence of this pressure and other factors, European military expenditure between 1. In 1. 87. 0 the combined military spending of the six great powers Britain, France, Germany, Austria Hungary, Russia and Italy totalled 9. By 1. 91. 4 it had quadrupled to 3. German defence spending during this period increased by a massive 7. France 1. 0 per cent and Britain 1. Russian defence spending also grew by more than one third. Russias embarrassing defeat by the Japanese 1. By the 1. 91. 0s around 4. Russian government spending was allocated to the armed forces, in comparison to just five per cent on education. Every major European power, Britain excluded, introduced or increased conscription to expand their armies. Germany added 1. 70,0. In 1. 89. 8 the German government ordered the construction of 1. Berlin also led the way in the construction of military submarines by 1. German navy had 2. U boats. This rapid growth in German naval power triggered a press frenzy and some alarm in Britain. London responded to German naval expansion by commissioning 2. Royal Navy. The following table lists estimated defence and military spending in seven major nations between 1. United States dollars Nation. Great Britain2. 86. Germany2. 86. 7m3. France2. 16m2. 36. Four Incredible Eclipses History Never Forgot. As everyone is undoubtedly aware by this point, on August 2. The whole shebang will last about two minutes and 4. In 2. 00. 9, for example, a solar eclipse visible in Southeast Asia set the record for the longest one of the century so far, lasting six minutes and 4. Mold Maintenance Software here. Like most celestial happenings throughout history, eclipses were often interpreted as signs of the apocalypse. Luckily, these pessimistic prognostications never panned out. Instead, people built instruments to better assist their understandings of eclipses and realized they were actually sort of good. In honor of the Great American Solar Eclipse, here are some of the greatest hits over the last few centuries. May 2. 8th, 5. 85 BCEThe Battle of the EclipseIn ancient times, eclipses were sometimes seen as opportunities to communicate with the dead, or more broadly speaking, profoundly spooky events. But in at least one case, a total solar eclipse helped stop a gruesome war. According to Greek historian Herodotus, two factionsthe Lydians of ancient Turkey, and the Medes of ancient Iranwere fighting over land in the Anatolian peninsula, which is modern day Turkey. It happened right in the middle of a battle between warring nations, the Lydians and the Medes, Bryan Brewer, author of. Eclipse History. Science. Awe., told Gizmodo. The groups had been fighting for more than a decade, but the eclipse quickly brought the battle to a halt. The event, possibly the first solar eclipse to have ended a war, was henceforth known as the battle of the eclipse. Both parties took it as an omen and laid down their weapons and made peace right on the spot, Brewer said. Its worth noting that scholars have pointed out certain inconsistencies in Herodotus account of the eventsfor instance, his narrative suggests that totality occurred in the middle of the day, but the path of the May 2. We may never know exactly how things went down on that fateful day, but suffice to say the events left an impression that lasted through the ages. August 2. 1st, 1. The Eclipse. This upcoming solar eclipse isnt the first to take place on August 2. On that same date in 1. Tycho Brahe to become interested in the stars. Brahe was inspired by the event and would go on to create better instruments for astronomers studying cosmic phenomenon. Young Tycho Brye as a teenager saw it the eclipse, astronomer Jay Pasachoff, who is co curating a gallery of eclipse related artifacts at Art. Center in California, told Gizmodo. The prediction was off by a day, and he resolved that when he grew up, he would make better observations about what was going on. Using the resources he had as a Danish aristocrat, he was able to build the biggest pre telescopic devices of his time and made careful observations. That was eventually what Johannes Kepler used to figure out the laws of planetary orbits. Keplers three laws of planetary motion would become his most influential contribution to the scientific community, since many of his forebears adamantly believed planets moved in a circular orbit. Without Brahes innovation, and in some tangential way, his fascination with that 1. Kepler never would have invented his planetary laws. April 8th, 1. 65. Mirk MondayThis total solar eclipse was known as Mirk Monday, and it horrified those in western Europe who could see it. The word mirk seems to come from the Old Norse word myrkr which literally translates to darkness. While we dont know much about the eclipse itself, it appears to have spurred many dystopian descriptions, for example, one text called A Discourse on the Terrible Eclipse of the Sun. This was likely just one of many incidences in which eclipses were seen as signs of the apocalypse. To be fair, the idea of turning off the Sun seemed pretty scary back then. People really didnt understand what was going on and just took eclipses as omens,Pasachoff said. There are books that talk about the negative consequences of this eclipse. But not everyone was terrified. One onlooker, Dr. Wyberg of Carrickfergus, Scotland, waxed poetic about it The Sun was reduced to a very slender crescent of light, the Moon all at once threw herself within the margin of the solar disc with such agility that she seemed to revolve like an upper millstone, affording a pleasant spectacle of rotatory motion. May 2. Einsteins TriumphTheres absolutely no question which was the most important and mind blowing eclipse of all time, and that was the one in 1. Doug Duncan, an astronomer in Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences at UC Boulder, told Gizmodo. That was the eclipse we discovered that Einsteins idea that space and time can bend is correct. Einstein had just put forth the idea that gravity can warp the fabric of spacetime four years prior, in his theory of general relativity in 1. The total solar eclipse of 1. Astronomers wanted to catch a beam of light going past the Sun to see if it would bend, Duncan explained. They took pictures of the same part of the sky when the Sun had moved to a different constellation and compared the pattern of the stars. Even something as massive as the sun only bends light a little bit, but nevertheless, when they analyzed their pictures, they found that space bent. This was one of the first good natural opportunities to block out the Sun, and Einsteins theory predicted that light would bend near the edge of it. It did. The eclipse was seen as a triumph over Newtonian physics, which predicted that light would bend at the edge of the Sun, but not as much as Einsteins theory suggested. This ascended Einstein to celebrity status and left much of the scientific community, as one New York Times headline suggested, agog.